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Indirect expenses are expenses for research institutions delivered at a fixed ratio to the direct expense.  The amount equivalent to thirty percent of the direct expense will be provided ○ Research institutions may use the indirect expense to improve the R&D environment of researchers who obtain competitive research fund and/or improve the functions of the overall research institution.  Assignment of technical personnel for the sharing and maintenance of joint- Facility costs (maintenance and management costs, etc.)  Equipment costs (purchase costs, operation costs, etc.)  Library costs (costs for improvement, maintenance, and management of  Academic journal subscription fee, paper submission fee (article publication  Consumables expenses for shared photocopy machines, printers, etc.  Costs of research publicity activities  Necessary costs for management procedures related to competitive research  Patent application fees, patent attorney fees, costs of request for review, etc. Indirect expense is the funds provided to the research institution to support the research activities for which the KAKENHI funding was granted, as well as to upgrade its research environment. ○ [When conducting research with KAKENHI] as indirect expense apart from the direct expense. < Examples of how indirect expense can be used >  Personnel costs (Use for personnel costs for the Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator(s) is not prohibited.) use equipment facilities) charge) funding 10. What are indirect expenses?